Ls
Lists contents of a backup.
$ hb ls [-c backupdir] [-l] [-v] [-r version] [-1]
[-a] [-d] [pattern]Without options, lists the most recent version of all files, not including deleted files.
Options
The -l (el) option shows more details similar to the Unix ls -l
command, including the file modification time, backup time, and
version number.
The -v option must be used with -l, and shows even more details.
The -r option selects a specific version to display and lists
files that are backed up at this version or an earlier version. With
-r1, some of the files may be from version 1 and some may be from
version zero.
The -1 (one) option shows only the files backed up in the -r
version, without showing previously saved files. If -r is omitted,
shows files saved in the latest backup.
The -a option displays all versions of matching files, including
deleted files. For example, the file /etc/hosts might be backed up
in versions 2 and 3. Without -a, only the most recent version is
listed. With -a, all versions are listed.
The -d options shows all versions of directory pathnames. These are
normally not shown, even with -a. -d automatically enables -a.
Patterns
The optional file selection pattern displays all pathnames matching the pattern. A pattern may contain wildcards or not. Matching is case-sensitive. Non-wildcard patterns match whole pathname components, for example:
Pattern |
Matches |
Doesn’t Match |
abcd |
/abcd |
/home/abcd.txt |
test/file7 |
/test/file7 |
/mytest/file7 |
If the pattern begins with a slash, ls shows only the matches
beginning at the root. If you’re not sure where a pathname is
located, omit the leading slash. If the pathname begins with ./
(dot slash), ls adds the current directory to the beginning of
the pattern.
Wildcards
A wildcard pattern uses Unix "glob" rules:
-
* matches zero or more characters
-
? matches any single character
-
[x5] matches 1 character, either x or 5
-
[^x5] matches 1 character except x or 5
-
[a-z] matches one lowercase letter
-
[^0-9] matches one non-digit character
Wildcard pattern examples:
Pattern |
Matches |
Doesn’t Match |
abcd* |
/abcd |
/home/myabcd |
*abcd* Hint: a leading wildcard is slower. |
/abcd |
/home/myabcs |
/Users/*/.* |
/Users/jim/.profile |
/Users/.emacs |
| Wildcards must be quoted with single quotes on the command line. |
Directories are only listed 1 level deep by default. If you want to
list all files under a directory, similar to the Unix find command,
add '/*' (in single quotes!) to the end of the pattern.
Examples
$ hb ls -c hb -l
HashBackup build #1666 Copyright 2009-2016 HashBackup, LLC
Backup directory: /hb
Most recent backup version: 0
Showing most recent version
0 drwxrwxr-t 44 0 80 1564 2016-10-12 00:30:04 2016-10-12 13:27:46 / (parent, partial)
(Scroll this area left or right to see all fields)The fields are:
-
version number
-
Unix permissions
-
number of links
-
user id
-
group id
-
file size
-
date modified (mtime)
-
date backed up
-
path name
-
HashBackup notes
Adding -v gives more details:
$ hb ls -c hb -lv
HashBackup build #1666 Copyright 2009-2016 HashBackup, LLC
Backup directory: /hb
Most recent backup version: 0
Showing most recent version
0 drwxrwxr-t 44 0 80 1564 2016-10-12 00:30:04 2016-10-12 13:27:46 / (parent, partial)
2 2016-10-12 00:30:04 1
0 -rw-r--r-- 1 501 20 511 2016-10-12 13:27:39 2016-10-12 13:27:46 /hb/inex.conf
5700934 2016-10-12 13:27:39 6 [dc4094a430afa32b82247a118b23e56c64ee095a]
(Scroll this area left or right to see all fields)The fields are the same for the first line, then on the second line:
-
inode number
-
inode change time (ctime)
-
HashBackup file id
-
file hash (SHA1 for non-sparse files)